Confirmation Is One Way In. It Is Not the Only One.

Kelly Loeffler was confirmed 52 to 46 to run the Small Business Administration. Eric Ueland took charge of American foreign assistance on 24 November 2025 with no Senate vote for the job, and by October had handed it to another official, still with no nominee in sight. Tom Homan has run border and deportation policy from the West Wing for twenty one months in a title the Senate was never asked to consider. A federal judge has already ruled one version of the middle case unlawful, and voided everything the official did while she held it.

A Senate vote is one way into a federal office. A statute allows two more, each timed, each written as temporary, and enough of the government is currently running through those two that the first way is starting to look optional.

Loeffler took the confirmed path on 19 February 2025, by a vote of 52 to 46, and now runs the Small Business Administration. https://www.21alivenews.com/2025/02/19/senate-confirms-kelly-loeffler-former-georgia-senator-lead-small-business-administration/ Ueland began performing the duties of Administrator of the U.S. Agency for International Development on 24 November 2025, under a statute that allows 210 days absent a pending nomination, and no nomination for that office has surfaced on the Senate's nominations listings since. https://extapps2.oge.gov/201/Presiden.nsf/PAS+Index/1172B1A86AB0DFB485258E21002DDE72/$FILE/Eric-M-Ueland-2026-278ANNU.pdf The agency's inspector general was still addressing him as performing the duties of Administrator on 22 September 2026. By 22 October 2026 its memos went to a different official, Bill Woolf, under the same title. https://oig.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2026-10/1-000-26-004-A.pdf https://oig.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2026-10/3-000-27-001-R.pdf Homan has run border and deportation policy from the White House since 20 January 2025 in a title, border czar, that was designed from the start to never need a vote. https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/policy/immigration/3225515/trump-taps-tom-homan-border-czar/

The coverage of each of these has been separate: a confirmation vote story, a staffing memo story, a cable news profile. Read together, against the statute written to govern the middle case, they make one story: the same choice, exercised three different ways, at three different distances from anyone who could vote no.

THE GAP

The Path the Senate Actually Used

Loeffler is the baseline the other two are measured against. Nominated, seated for a hearing before the Senate Small Business and Entrepreneurship Committee, voted on by the full Senate, confirmed 52 to 46 with one Democrat, Jacky Rosen of Nevada, joining every Republican present. https://www.21alivenews.com/2025/02/19/senate-confirms-kelly-loeffler-former-georgia-senator-lead-small-business-administration/ Whatever else is true of her tenure, nobody can challenge the authority under which she holds the office. That is what the confirmed path buys, and it is worth naming plainly before describing the two paths that skip it, because the comparison is the whole point.

The Senate has had the floor time to use that path. It held 659 recorded votes in 2025, more than in any year since at least 2010, and confirmed 417 civilian nominees. https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/Resumes/119_1.pdf None of those votes was on the title Homan holds, because the Senate was never asked to consider it.

The Path With a Clock

The Federal Vacancies Reform Act gives an administration three ways to fill a vacant, Senate confirmed office without a vote: the first assistant in that office steps up automatically, the President may direct any official already confirmed by the Senate to some other office to serve, or the President may direct a senior career employee, grade 15 or above for at least 90 days in the year before the vacancy, to serve. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/3345 Whichever path is used, the clock is the same: 210 days from the vacancy, or, once a nominee is submitted, however long that nomination sits in the Senate, resetting to another 210 days if it is withdrawn, rejected, or returned. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/3346 The nomination is what stops the clock. That detail is the whole mechanism, and it is why the same handful of officials keep reappearing in different acting seats.

Russell Vought, already confirmed to run the Office of Management and Budget, was directed to serve as acting Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau starting in February 2025 and ran out his available time under the statute on 1 August 2026. Mark Paoletta, the bureau's own chief legal officer, succeeded him that day, while Brian Johnson's nomination to hold the office permanently sat before the Senate Banking Committee, which had heard him on 23 July and had not yet voted as of this writing. https://www.consumerfinancemonitor.com/2026/08/04/paoletta-becomes-cfpb-acting-director/ The bureau's own watchlist entry in this publication's tracker already carries that timeline in more depth. What is new here is that the same shape appears twice more, at two agencies that draw far less attention.

Ueland's authority to serve at USAID traces to the second path, not the first. He is a Senate confirmed Deputy Director for Management at the Office of Management and Budget, appointed in May 2025, and it was that confirmation, at a different agency entirely, that let him perform the duties of USAID Administrator on top of it. https://extapps2.oge.gov/201/Presiden.nsf/PAS+Index/1172B1A86AB0DFB485258E21002DDE72/$FILE/Eric-M-Ueland-2026-278ANNU.pdf Whether Woolf holds a Senate confirmed post of his own, the precondition for that second path, was not established this run. USAID itself was effectively folded into the State Department during 2025, its foreign assistance functions transferred and most of its staff separated, without Congress repealing the statute that created the agency or its Administrator's office. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrator_of_the_United_States_Agency_for_International_Development No other succession rule displaces the clock, and that is checkable rather than arguable. The Vacancies Act says it is the exclusive means of temporarily authorising an acting official in a Senate confirmed office, unless another statute expressly authorises a designation to perform the functions and duties of a specified office temporarily in an acting capacity, and the same section says in terms that a general delegation authority is not such a provision. https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section3347&num=0&edition=prelim USAID's authorizing statute has nothing of the kind. Section 621 of the Foreign Assistance Act lets the President exercise his functions through such agency or officer as he shall direct, which is a delegation authority and therefore the exact category the Vacancies Act excludes. https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2381&num=0&edition=prelim Section 624 comes closer and still does not arrive. It lets the President fix the order of succession among the officers provided for in subsection (a), which authorises twelve officers without naming the Administrator, and it never uses the words acting capacity. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/2384 Nor was the office abolished. It is still in the United States Code, and the Congressional Research Service records the agency ceasing to implement foreign assistance on 1 July without Congress repealing the statute, and notes that Congress may need to clarify how functions currently assigned to USAID or its Administrator are to be fulfilled. https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6563&num=0&edition=prelim https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10261/IF10261.20.pdf

The paperwork already says the same thing in four words. When Senator Jeanne Shaheen, the Ranking Member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, wrote to Ueland on 24 June 2026 about the foreign assistance closeout, the letter addressed him as Chief Operating Officer and Performing the Duties of Administrator of USAID. https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/06242026%20CJS%20letter%20to%20Ueland%20and%20Lewin%20re%20FA%20Closeout..pdf Performing the duties of, a phrase chosen so that nobody is named acting. That is the standard way an administration has someone do the job without naming an acting officer under the Vacancies Act, and here it is being used as the address line of one senator's correspondence, which is how ordinary the arrangement has become. One letter from the committee's minority is not the committee speaking, and the point does not need it to be. No nominee for the office has surfaced on the Senate's own nominations listings, and Ueland had been performing its duties for seven months when the letter was sent.

Michael Rigas shows the same mechanism run twice by one person. The Senate confirmed him as Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources on 14 May 2025, roll call vote 252, 51 yea to 46 nay with 3 not voting, five votes closer than Loeffler's margin and the same kind of vote. https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1191/vote_119_1_00252.htm From that one confirmation he was directed to serve as acting Administrator of the General Services Administration starting 21 July 2025, on top of his confirmed post, a State Department spokesperson saying at the time that he would continue serving at State while also serving as GSA's Acting Administrator. https://www.nextgov.com/people/2025/07/state-department-deputy-michael-rigas-tapped-acting-gsa-head/406869/?oref=ng-homepage-river That seat ended when the Senate confirmed Edward Forst to run GSA on 18 December 2025, and Forst was sworn in on 24 December. https://www.nextgov.com/people/2025/12/ed-forst-sworn-gsa-administrator/410391/ Eleven weeks later, on 12 March 2026, Rigas was directed to a new acting seat, Chief Executive Officer of the U.S. Agency for Global Media, the parent agency of Voice of America. Sarah Rogers, nominated to hold that office permanently, was heard by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on 30 July 2026 alongside two other nominees, and the committee had not reported her nomination as of the Senate's executive calendar of 29 October 2026. https://www.foreign.senate.gov/hearings/nominations-07-30-2026 https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/executive_calendar/xcalv.pdf https://www.blumenthal.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/20260318usagmvoaandradiofardafinal.pdf One Senate confirmation, at State, has underwritten acting service at two other federal agencies since July 2025. Nothing about that arrangement is hidden. It is also not what most readers picture when they picture how an agency gets a director.

The Path With No Clock At All

The third path is not in the statute at all, because it never claims to fill the statute's kind of office. Homan's title, Assistant to the President, Border Czar, places him inside the White House Office rather than inside any agency whose head requires confirmation, and it was chosen for exactly that reason. Reporting at the time of his appointment was explicit: the arrangement meant he would not need Senate confirmation, avoiding what his team viewed as a difficult process, in a role built as an adviser and point person rather than a Cabinet officer, in deliberate contrast to the Department of Homeland Security post he had also been considered for, which would have required a vote. https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/policy/immigration/3225515/trump-taps-tom-homan-border-czar/ His announced portfolio: the Southern border, the Northern border, all maritime and aviation security, and the deportation of people found in the country illegally. He has held the title, formally Assistant to the President and Border Czar in the White House Office, since 20 January 2025. https://www.legistorm.com/person/bio/519590/Thomas_Douglas_Homan.html There is no vacancy here for the Federal Vacancies Reform Act to time, because there was never an office for the Senate to confirm. The clock in the second path exists because the underlying office is real and the statute makes the interim arrangement temporary. The third path skips the question by not creating that office in the first place, and the result is authority with no clock, no hearing, and no vote, on either end.

The Honest Version

None of the officials named above has been found, personally, to be serving unlawfully. Loeffler's authority is not in question. Rigas's arrangement rests on a Senate confirmation at a different agency, which is precisely what the statute's second path allows, and no court has ruled against it. Ueland's underlying confirmation is real; what is unresolved is whether his service ran past the statute's clock, a question no lawsuit located this run has raised, and the same question now passes to Woolf. The border czar title is not new to this White House in kind, advisers with broad informal portfolios are a long standing feature of the executive branch, and this piece did not attempt a comparison to prior administrations' use of similar roles.

What can be said plainly is where the position of least accountability sits. A confirmed officer answers to the committee that heard the nomination and the chamber that voted on it. An acting officer serving under the statute's clock answers, eventually, to that same process, or to a court if the clock is read wrong. A White House adviser with no confirmable office answers to neither, by design, for as long as the title is held. Three positions, three different distances from a vote that could remove any of them, and the distance is the story the separate coverage of each one misses.

ROOT

The Parallel, Named and Dated

The Supreme Court settled the consequence of getting the second path wrong in 2017. In NLRB v. SW General, Inc., the Court held that the Federal Vacancies Reform Act bars a person nominated to fill a vacant, Senate confirmed office from performing that office's duties in an acting capacity while the nomination is pending under the wrong theory. Lafe Solomon's service as NLRB general counsel was invalidated as a consequence, and an unfair labor practice complaint he had issued while serving improperly was deemed invalid along with it. https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/16pdf/15-1251_ed9g.pdf The remedy for serving improperly was that the acts themselves did not stand.

Nine years later, the same question returned with a name and a docket. Patsy Widakuswara and other Voice of America employees sued Kari Lake over her tenure as acting Chief Executive Officer of the U.S. Agency for Global Media, and on 7 March 2026 Judge Royce Lamberth of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ruled for them, in case 1:25-cv-01015. Lake had been serving as deputy CEO, a position that does not itself require Senate confirmation, before her designation as acting CEO, a position that does. Lamberth's opinion, as reported by JURIST, held her plainly ineligible to serve because she was not serving in an office for which appointment is subject to advice and consent prior to her designation as acting CEO, a violation of both the Federal Vacancies Reform Act and the Constitution's Appointments Clause. https://www.jurist.org/news/2026/03/us-federal-judge-invalidates-all-official-actions-of-kari-lake/ The court voided her official actions from 31 July through 19 November 2025, including a major reduction in force, and on 17 March 2026 vacated the internal memorandum that had reduced Voice of America to skeletal staffing. https://clearinghouse.net/case/46275/ It is SW General's holding, run again, in a different agency, with the same outcome: an official on the wrong side of the statute does not just lose the office, the official's decisions lose their force.

The honest counterweight is what happened next. The administration did not contest the ruling by putting Lake back in the seat. It replaced her with Rigas, whose authority rests on the path SW General and Lamberth both left open, a Senate confirmation held somewhere else in the government. Getting the mechanism wrong cost the administration one appointee. It did not cost the mechanism.

THE COUNTER MECHANISM

Three dated, checkable proceedings currently determine how long the current arrangements last. The government appealed Lamberth's March 2026 rulings to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit and asked for a stay. The district court refused on 20 March 2026, writing that the public interest overwhelmingly opposes the requested stay. https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cadc.42958/gov.uscourts.cadc.42958.01208832935.0.pdf Eleven days later the appeals court granted what the district court had denied. On 31 March 2026, in consolidated appeals 25-5144, 25-5145, 26-5086 and 26-5087, a panel of Judges Henderson, Wilkins and Katsas stayed the 17 March orders to the extent that they require that all employees placed on administrative leave pursuant to defendants' March 2025 directive shall return to work. https://media.cadc.uscourts.gov/orders/docs/2026/03/25-5144LDMN.pdf A stay decides nothing about whether Lake was eligible to serve. What it decides, for now, is who is at their desk while the question is argued, and the answer is that the people her memorandum removed stay removed. The briefing schedule set on 8 May 2026 ran to 31 July, and the docket moved before the briefs were in. On 8 June 2026 the same panel dismissed the 2025 appeals, 25-5144 and 25-5145, as moot, unconsolidated the 2026 appeals of the March rulings, 26-5086 and 26-5087, and held them in abeyance until the en banc court decides NTEU v. Vought, No. 25-5091, argued 24 February 2026, with motions to govern due within thirty days of that decision. The mandate on the mooted appeals issued 30 July. So the question of whether Lamberth's ruling survives now waits on a different case about a different agency, and nothing on the docket says when that answer comes. The order does not say whether the 31 March stay keeps running through the abeyance, and this piece does not claim either way. https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cadc.42958/gov.uscourts.cadc.42958.01208858377.0.pdf Whether Lamberth's ruling survives is the closest thing this story has to a verdict on the mechanism itself, beyond the one official it named.

Separately, two pending nominations set the outer bound on two of the arrangements described above, and both have a number a reader can look up. Sarah Rogers, nominated to hold the USAGM post permanently, is PN874, received in the Senate on 12 March 2026 and referred to Foreign Relations, and she was heard by that committee on 30 July 2026. The committee had not reported her as of the executive calendar of 29 October, so a committee vote and a floor vote both remain outstanding, and until one happens, Rigas continues serving USAGM on top of his State Department post under the nomination's tolling of the statutory clock. https://www.senate.gov/legislative/nom_cmtec.htm https://www.foreign.senate.gov/hearings/nominations-07-30-2026 Brian Johnson, nominated to run the CFPB permanently, is PN1079, received 10 June 2026 and referred to Banking, heard on 23 July 2026, and reported by the committee 13 to 11 on 17 September. He sits on the executive calendar as number 922 waiting for a floor vote, which keeps Mark Paoletta in the acting director's seat he took on 1 August. https://www.consumerfinancemonitor.com/2026/09/18/senate-banking-committee-advances-brian-johnsons-nomination-to-lead-cfpb/ https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/executive_calendar/xcalv.pdf The Senate left for a state work period on 5 October and is scheduled to return on 6 November, so neither floor vote can happen before the election. Neither has a scheduled date, and both are checkable at any point a reader chooses to look.

No comparable proceeding attaches to the USAID seat or to Homan at the White House. No nomination is pending to toll or end either arrangement, and no lawsuit against either was located this run.

At the Reader's Scale

One route now exists, and it runs through the CFPB seat. Brian Johnson's nomination is on the Senate's executive calendar as number 922, which means every senator will cast a vote on it when it reaches the floor. The Capitol switchboard, 202 224 3121, reaches any senator's office, and a reader who wants a say in whether the bureau gets a confirmed director can make that call before the Senate returns on 6 November. https://www.senate.gov/senators/senators-contact.htm

For the other arrangements, no route at the reader's scale was identified.

What was checked this run. The Federal Vacancies Reform Act sends its reporting to the Comptroller General and to Congress, not to a public intake, so there is no docket a reader files into and no comment period attached to an acting appointment. GAO does run a public reporting channel, FraudNet, but the office scopes it to allegations of fraud, waste, abuse or mismanagement of federal funds, and a person serving past a statutory clock is none of those. https://www.gao.gov/about/what-gao-does/fraud Naming it here anyway would send a reader to an office that has no standing to act on the thing this piece is about, and the piece would have taught them only that this publication does not check.

That absence is the argument. A statute whose enforcement runs entirely between an agency, an auditor and a committee has no public surface by construction, and a clock nobody outside those three rooms can see running is a clock that can be allowed to run out quietly. If a nomination is submitted, a suit is filed, or a committee schedules a vote, those arrangements acquire a route they do not currently have.

The clock in the statute was written to run out. Whether it does, and whether anyone is still counting when it does, is currently being answered in a hearing room and an appellate docket, and nobody in either room gets to vote it up or down.

Further Reading

5 U.S.C. 3345, the three paths into acting service. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/3345

5 U.S.C. 3346, the time limitations on acting service. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/3346

Senate confirmation of Kelly Loeffler as Administrator of the Small Business Administration, 19 February 2025. https://www.21alivenews.com/2025/02/19/senate-confirms-kelly-loeffler-former-georgia-senator-lead-small-business-administration/

Eric Ueland, OGE Form 278e annual report, 2026, listing PTDO Administrator, USAID, from November 2025. https://extapps2.oge.gov/201/Presiden.nsf/PAS+Index/1172B1A86AB0DFB485258E21002DDE72/$FILE/Eric-M-Ueland-2026-278ANNU.pdf

USAID Office of Inspector General, management advisory of 22 September 2026, addressed to Ueland as Performing the Duties of Administrator. https://oig.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2026-10/1-000-26-004-A.pdf

USAID Office of Inspector General, memorandum of 22 October 2026, addressed to Bill Woolf as Performing the Duties of Administrator. https://oig.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/2026-10/3-000-27-001-R.pdf

Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, timeline of acting administrators and the 2025 transfer of functions to the Department of State. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrator_of_the_United_States_Agency_for_International_Development

Michael Rigas tapped as acting Administrator of the General Services Administration while remaining Deputy Secretary of State, 21 July 2025. https://www.nextgov.com/people/2025/07/state-department-deputy-michael-rigas-tapped-acting-gsa-head/406869/?oref=ng-homepage-river

Ed Forst sworn in as GSA administrator, ending Rigas's acting service there, 24 December 2025. https://www.nextgov.com/people/2025/12/ed-forst-sworn-gsa-administrator/410391/

Letter from Senator Richard Blumenthal to Michael Rigas as Acting Chief Executive Officer of the U.S. Agency for Global Media, 18 March 2026. https://www.blumenthal.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/20260318usagmvoaandradiofardafinal.pdf

Senate Foreign Relations Committee, nominations hearing including Sarah Rogers for USAGM, 30 July 2026. https://www.foreign.senate.gov/hearings/nominations-07-30-2026

Paoletta becomes CFPB acting director as Vought's statutory term expires and Brian Johnson's nomination remains pending, 4 August 2026. https://www.consumerfinancemonitor.com/2026/08/04/paoletta-becomes-cfpb-acting-director/

Trump names Tom Homan border czar, avoiding Senate confirmation, November 2024. https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/policy/immigration/3225515/trump-taps-tom-homan-border-czar/

Tom Homan biography, title and White House Office start date. https://www.legistorm.com/person/bio/519590/Thomas_Douglas_Homan.html

NLRB v. SW General, Inc., 580 U.S. ___, 137 S. Ct. 929, decided 21 March 2017. https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/16pdf/15-1251_ed9g.pdf

US federal judge invalidates all official actions of Kari Lake as USAGM chief, JURIST, 9 March 2026. https://www.jurist.org/news/2026/03/us-federal-judge-invalidates-all-official-actions-of-kari-lake/

Widakuswara v. Lake, 1:25-cv-01015, D.D.C., case summary and appellate docket, Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse. https://clearinghouse.net/case/46275/

D.C. Circuit order of 31 March 2026 consolidating the appeals and granting the stay pending appeal, Nos. 25-5144, 25-5145, 26-5086 and 26-5087. https://media.cadc.uscourts.gov/orders/docs/2026/03/25-5144LDMN.pdf

D.C. Circuit per curiam order of 8 June 2026, Nos. 25-5144, 25-5145, 25-5150, 25-5151, 26-5086 and 26-5087, dismissing the 2025 appeals as moot and holding the 2026 appeals in abeyance pending NTEU v. Vought. https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cadc.42958/gov.uscourts.cadc.42958.01208858377.0.pdf

District court order of 20 March 2026 denying the stay pending appeal, the ruling the D.C. Circuit reversed eleven days later. https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cadc.42958/gov.uscourts.cadc.42958.01208832935.0.pdf

5 U.S.C. 3347, the exclusivity provision, including the rule that a general delegation authority does not qualify as a statutory exception. https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section3347&num=0&edition=prelim

22 U.S.C. 2381, section 621 of the Foreign Assistance Act, the delegation authority. https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section2381&num=0&edition=prelim

22 U.S.C. 2384, section 624, the twelve statutory officers and the President's power to fix succession among them. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/2384

22 U.S.C. 6563, the section that puts USAID in the Executive branch and has not been repealed. https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title22-section6563&num=0&edition=prelim

Congressional Research Service, USAID in brief, updated 5 September 2025, recording the cessation of foreign assistance implementation and the questions Congress has not answered. https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/IF/PDF/IF10261/IF10261.20.pdf

Letter from Senator Jeanne Shaheen, Ranking Member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, to Eric Ueland on the foreign assistance closeout, 24 June 2026, addressing him as Performing the Duties of Administrator of USAID. https://www.foreign.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/06242026%20CJS%20letter%20to%20Ueland%20and%20Lewin%20re%20FA%20Closeout..pdf

Senate roll call vote 252, 14 May 2025, confirming Michael Rigas as Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources, 51 to 46. https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1191/vote_119_1_00252.htm

Senate Banking Committee advances Brian Johnson's nomination to lead the CFPB, 13 to 11, 17 September 2026. https://www.consumerfinancemonitor.com/2026/09/18/senate-banking-committee-advances-brian-johnsons-nomination-to-lead-cfpb/

United States Senate, Executive Calendar of 29 October 2026, carrying PN1079 as Calendar No. 922. https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/executive_calendar/xcalv.pdf

United States Senate, Resume of Congressional Activity, First Session of the 119th Congress, 2025, recorded votes and nominations. https://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/Resumes/119_1.pdf

United States Senate, nominations pending in committee, the list carrying PN874 and PN1079. https://www.senate.gov/legislative/nom_cmtec.htm

United States Senate, nominations confirmed, civilian, covering October 2025 through 8 August 2026. https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/legislative/one_item_and_teasers/nom_confc.htm

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